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Many people have heard the phrase “Schrödinger’s cat.” The cat that is said to be both alive and dead has become known as a strange symbol of the uncertainty inherent in quantum mechanics. And the creator of this thought experiment was t...

In the history of painting, few figures lived a life that was itself a work of art as completely as Pablo Picasso. By establishing Cubism, he overturned at the root the very notions of “what painting is” and “how reality is to be se...

The Father of Indian Independence — Mahatma Gandhi. By upholding nonviolence and truth, he stirred a nation through the power of conscience rather than the spilling of blood. His figure remains engraved in humanity’s collective memory. Y...

Osamu Dazai. No Longer Human, The Setting Sun, Run, Melos! —His works overflow with the fragility of human weakness, with a delicacy that seems barely alive. It is as if each of his loves left behind a record of a heart sl...

udwig van Beethoven.A towering master of classical music, known to the world as the “Immortal Beloved of Music.” His Symphony No. 5 “Fate” and Symphony No. 9 “Choral” continue to resound as if they were common property of all humankind. ...

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. Few monarchs in 18th-century Europe embodied such passion and contradiction in equal measure. As an enlightened despot, he relentlessly pursued reforms—abolishing serfdom, promoting religious tolerance, and...

Born in Austria, and forever remembered in the storm of the French Revolution—Marie Antoinette. She is often spoken of merely as a “symbol of waste and extravagance.”Yet if we trace her life carefully, behind the dazzling gowns and the g...

Among the monarchs of English history, few have stirred the imagination quite like her. Elizabeth I. Known as the “Virgin Queen,” she led 16th-century England into a golden age. She defeated the Spanish Armada, saw the flowering of Shake...

The mist along the Loire River of France would creep slowly across the fields at dawn, before dissolving into the morning light.In the fifteenth century, one young girl gazed upon that same landscape. Joan of Arc. Later, people would cal...

In the early 19th century, when London’s fog still wrapped the city in its familiar scent, a man moved between the salons and the bedrooms of high society, armed only with poetry. George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron.A leading figure of ...

On a moonlit night in Kyoto, the pale light brushed over the tiled rooftops.Down a narrow alley walked a lone monk, a gourd in his hand and a love letter hidden in his robe—his name was Ikkyū Sōjun. Known to many as the witty and mischie...

Dante Alighieri.A towering figure who symbolizes medieval European literature and stands among the greatest in the history of world letters. The long narrative poem that immortalized his name, The Divine Comedy, is a grand tale of a jour...