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This article contains affiliate links. If you buy through them, we may earn a small commission at no extra cost to you. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy. The author of War and Peace and Anna Karenina, and in his later years a religious thinker w...

Vincent Willem van Gogh. Though he was a painter who received little recognition during his lifetime, he is now known as a figure who left an indelible mark on the history of world art. Brilliant colors, violent brushstrokes, and a life ...

The Brothers Grimm. When we hear their name, what first comes to mind is likely a delightful collection of fairy tales, adorned with colorful illustrations. Yet Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm—who also left an immense legacy as linguists—were qu...

Many people have heard the phrase “Schrödinger’s cat.” The cat that is said to be both alive and dead has become known as a strange symbol of the uncertainty inherent in quantum mechanics. And the creator of this thought experiment was t...

In the history of painting, few figures lived a life that was itself a work of art as completely as Pablo Picasso. By establishing Cubism, he overturned at the root the very notions of “what painting is” and “how reality is to be se...

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The man who opened India's road to independence from the British Empire with weaponless resistance, holding up nonviolence and truth. Called "Mahatma" — great soul — his name is still known around the world as...

Osamu Dazai. No Longer Human, The Setting Sun, Run, Melos! —His works overflow with the fragility of human weakness, with a delicacy that seems barely alive. It is as if each of his loves left behind a record of a heart sl...

Ludwig van Beethoven, the towering master of classical music. His Symphony No. 5 “Fate” and Symphony No. 9 “Choral” continue to resound as if they were common property of all humankind. Even as deafness consumed him, he carved sound out ...

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. Few monarchs in 18th-century Europe embodied such passion and contradiction in equal measure. As an enlightened despot, he relentlessly pursued reforms—abolishing serfdom, promoting religious tolerance, and...

Born in Austria, and forever remembered in the storm of the French Revolution—Marie Antoinette. She is often spoken of merely as a “symbol of waste and extravagance.”Yet if we trace her life carefully, behind the dazzling gowns and the g...

Among the monarchs of English history, few have stirred the imagination quite like her. Elizabeth I. Known as the “Virgin Queen,” she led 16th-century England into a golden age. She defeated the Spanish Armada, saw the flowering of Shake...